scroll up

βιβλίον, ου, τό (Hdt., Aristoph.+; s. Preisigke, Fachwörter) der. from βύβλος, Egyptian papyrus, from whose strips writing material was manufactured.

① brief written message, document (Demosth., Ep. 1, 3; Appian, Iber. 41 §167 β. ἐσφραγισμένα; Polyaenus 7, 19 [of an ἐπιστολή]; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 101; later pap: APF 5, 263; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 42, 8 [314 A.D.]; s. Preis.) β. ἀποστασίου certificate of divorce (Dt 24:1, 3) which, acc. to law, an Israelite had to give his wife when he dismissed her Mt 19:7; Mk 10:4.—S. ἀπολύω 5.

② long written composition (either of a total work or of parts of a work), scroll, book, Rv 6:14 (Is 34:4); 20:12; of the scroll of the Law (Synes., Ep. 4 p. 162b and prob. as early as Diod S 34+35 Fgm. 1, 3 [Hecataeus of Abdera—III B.C.?] of a stone figure of Moses μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχον βιβλίον) Gal 3:10 (Vi. Aesopi G 81 P. τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ τῆς πόλεως νόμου); Hb 9:19 (Ex 24:7); of the scroll of a prophet Lk 4:17, 20; B 12:9 (Ex 17:14), cp. Hb 10:7 (Ps 39:8); of John’s gospel J 20:30 (Plut., Mor. 189d ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς βιβλίοις γέγραπται); cp. 21:25. W. μεμβράναι 2 Ti 4:13. Esp. of apocal. books Rv 1:11; 5:1ff (ERussell, BiblSacra 115, ’58, 258–64 [mancipatio]—s. σφραγίς; Diod S 14, 55, 1 βιβλίον ἐπεσφραγισμένον … ἀνοίγειν καὶ ποιεῖν τὰ γεγραμμένα); 10:8; 22:7, 9f, 18f; Hv 1, 2, 2; 2, 4, 2. Of holy writings gener. τὰ β. (w. ἀπόστολοι) 2 Cl 14:2 (s. AvHarnack, Zentralbl. f. Bibliothekswesen 45, 1928, 337–42). Cp. Papias (2:4, in contrast to τὰ παρὰ ζώσης φωνῆς). β. τῆς ζωῆς book of life Rv 13:8; 17:8; 20:12; 21:27 (s. βίβλος 2). Of the works of Papias (1:4, 8, 9).—CMcCown, Codex and Roll in the NT: HTR 34, ’41, 219–50.—DELG s.v. βύβλος. M-M. TW. Sv.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `glue' (Emp., Hdt., Hp., E.);

Compounds: as 1. member e. g. in κολλ-εψός `glue-boiler' (Att. inscr., Poll.); as 2. member in ταυρό-, ἰχθυό-κολλα `bull-, fish-glue' (Plb., Dsc.); but ποτί-, σύγ-κολλος etc. (Pi., A.) are backformations to ποτι-, συγ-κολλάω etc.

Derivatives: κολλήεντα n. pl. (Ο 389 ξυστά, Hes. Sc. 309 ἅρματα) `well-fixed', cf. κολλητός below; κολλώδης `gluey, stickey' (Pl., Arist.). Denomin. verb κολλάω, often with prefix as συν-, προσ-, ἐν-, κατα-, `glue, fix together, make one, unite' (Pi., Emp., IA.). κόλλημα `what is glued together, gluing tog.', pl. `papyrus-leaves, that form a scroll', κόλλησις `gluing tog., soldering' (IA.) with ( συγ-)κολλήσιμος, - ον `glued tog.' (pap.; Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 99); ( συγ-)κολλητής `who glues tog.' (Ar., pap.); κολλητήριον `glue' (Ph. Bel.); κόλλητρα pl. `cost of solering' (pap.); κολλητός `glued tog., well fixed' (Il.; Amman Μνήμης χάριν 1, 16), κολλητικός (Dor. -ᾱτ-) `gluey, gluing tog.' (Arist., Epid., pap.), κολλητικὰ ἔργα `plumber's work' (pap.). As 2. member in the backformtion πρωτό-κολλον n. `the first fixed (glued) leave of a papyrus-scroll' (Just.). - Rarely ἐπι-κολλαίνω `glue to' (Thphr.), κολλίζω (Gp.) with κολλιστής (Gloss.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably], IEX [612] * kol- `glue'

Etymology: κόλλᾰ may be a ια-deriv. (Schwyzer 474, Chantraine Formation 98), but further the history of the word is rather dark. Notable is the similarity with a Slavic word for `glue', e. g. Russ.-CS. klějь, klejь, Russ. klej from PSl. *kъlějь, * kъlьjь (with reduced vowel); Germanic has an isolated verb, limited to a small area: MDutch. MLG helen `stick' (PGm. * haljan); the details however remain unclear. Pok. 612 after Fick 1, 389, Zupitza Die german. Gutturale 113; also Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. klej. Rom. LW [loanword] It. colla, Fr. colle etc. - A word with similar meaning, with wide spread, is γλοιός, s. v. Or is it Pre-Greek. *kol^ya?

Page in Frisk: 1,898-899

-ου ⁺ τό N 2 16-92-32-22-24=186 Ex 17,14; 24,7; Nm 5,23; 21,14; Dt 17,18

dim. of βίβλος; paper, strip of βίβλος Tob 7,14; scroll, book Ex 17,14; letter 2 Sm 11,14

τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια the sacred books, the Scriptures 1 Mc 12,9

*1 Chr 27,24 ἐν βιβλίῳ in the book -ספר/ב for MT רפּמס/כ in the number; *Ezr 7,17 ἐν βιβλίῳ τούτῳ with this letter -ספרא/ב for MT כספא/ב with this money

Cf. LEWIS 1989 7(n.4); MAYSER 1970, 80; WEVERS 1990 271.383; →NIDNTT; TWNT

-ου ⁺ ἡ N 2 4-2-1-8-15=30 Gn 2,4; 5,1; Ex 32,32.33; Jos 1,8

scroll, book Ex 32,32; letter Jer 36(29),1 τὴν ἱερὰν βίβλον the holy book 2 Mc 8,23 see βύβλος

→NIDNTT; TWNT

-ου ἡ N 2 0-1-0-0-1=2 2 Chr 17,9; 1 Ezr 1,31

see βίβλος

Cf. MAYSER 1970, 80

-ου ⁺ τό N 2 2-2-8-0-0=12 Dt 16,9; 23,25(26); 1 Sm 13,20.21; Is 2,4

sickle Dt 16,9; pruning knife Is 18,5

*Zech 5,1.2 δρέπανον a sickle-מגל for MT מגלה a scroll

Cf. WALTERS 1973 189-190.334(1 Sm 13,20.21)

-ου τό N 2 0-0-0-0-1=1 Sir 42,11

byword? or corr. ἐκκλήτῳ or ἐκκλησίᾳ in the assembly for Hebr. (Massada Scroll) קהלת

-ου ὁ N 2 0-0-1-0-1=2 Is 8,1; 1 Ezr 6,22

Cf. LIEBERMAN 1950 206(n.30)

ἀνείλ-ημα, ατος, τό,

A rolling up: in pl., flatulent colic, Hp.VM22.

II scroll, Aristeas 177 (pl.).

βιβλαρίδιον, ου, τό dim. of βίβλος (Galen XVI p. 5 K. has βιβλιαρίδιον) a small document with writing, little scroll/roll containing a message Rv 10:2, vs. 8 v.l., 9f (s. Mussies 116 on the textual trad.; cp. Artem. 2, 45 p. 149, 6: ἐσθίειν βιβλία in a dream … θάνατον σύντομον προαγορεύει); Hv 2, 1, 3. Of a letter 2, 4, 3. The form βιβλιδάριον (Aristoph. acc. to Pollux 7, 210; Arrian [II A.D.] βιβλιδάριον περὶ κομητῶν, ascribed to Agatharchides [II B.C.] 111 [GGM I 194]; Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/3, p. 92, 9) appears as v.l. for βιβλαρίδιον in Rv and Hermas; s. AWikenhauser, BZ 6, 1908, 171.—DELG s.v. βύβλος. TW.

βιβλάριον, ου, τό (PLille 1, 7, 7 [III B.C.]; Anth. Pal 11, 78, 2); dim. of βίβλος little scroll Rv 10:8 v.l. (for βιβλίον); 10:2 v.l., 9 v.l. (for βιβλαρίδιον).—DELG s.v. βύβλος.

γεμίζω fut. γεμίσω (ApcSed); 1 aor. ἐγέμισα; pass. ἐγεμίσθην (Aeschyl.+) to put someth. into an object to the extent of its capacity (the procedure of filling, in contrast to the result expressed by γέμω, next entry) fill

ⓐ τί τινος (Aeschyl., Ag. 443; Demosth. 34, 36; Ar. 4, 3 [γῆ] γεμίζεται νεκρῶν; OGI 383, 146; PSI 429, 12 [III B.C.] τὸ πλοῖον γεμίσαι ξύλων) an object w. someth. a sponge w. vinegar Mk 15:36; jars w. water J 2:7; jars w. wine Hm 12, 5, 3; baskets w. fragments J 6:13. Pass. ἐγεμίσθη ὁ ναὸς καπνοῦ the temple was filled w. smoke Rv 15:8.

ⓑ τὶ ἔκ τινος Lk 15:16 (v.l. ἀπὸ τῶν κερατίων) of filling a censer with fire from an altar Rv 8:5 (PEnteux 27, 14=PMagd 11, 14 [221 B.C.] γεμίσαι τὸ πλοῖον ἐκ τῶν τόπων; 4 Macc 3:14 v.l. πηγήν, ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐγέμισαν τ. βασιλεῖ τὸ ποτόν).

ⓒ abs. in pass. (PEnteux 27 verso περὶ τοῦ γεμισθῆναι τὸ πλοῖον [restored]; PSI 429, 12; BGU 1303, 31) (begin to) be filled (with water) Mk 4:37. Of a house be filled (with guests) Lk 14:23. Cp. Rv 10:10 v.l. (with a little scroll).

ⓓ w. acc. of content: fill a vessel ἔλαβεν τὴν κάλπιν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν γεμίσαι ὕδωρ GJs 11:1 (sim. Paus. 3, 13, 3; s. deStrycker 268). S. ὕδωρ.—DELG s.v. γέμω. M-M. TW.

δίψυχος, ον (s. prec. two entries; not in non-bibl. wr. or LXX; the title in Philo, Fgm. II 663 Mangey is not fr. Philo’s hand.—But Parmenides 6, 5 speaks of δίκρανοι=double-headed people, who stagger helplessly here and there in their thinking) pert. to being uncertain about the truth of someth., doubting, hesitating, lit. double-minded Js 4:8 (cp. Pind., N. 10, 89 οὐ γνώμᾳ διπλόαν θέτο βουλάν=‘he entertained no double purpose in his mind’); ἀνὴρ δ. a doubter 1:8; Hm 9:6; ὁ δ. m 10, 2, 2; οἱ δ. (w. διστάζοντες) 1 Cl 11:2; 23:3; 2 Cl 11:2.—Hv 3, 4, 3; 4, 2, 6; m 9:5; 11:1f, 4; Hs 8, 7, 1; 9, 21, 1ff. W. ἀπόκενος m 5, 2, 1. κενός m 11:13. ἀσύνετος m 12, 4, 2. ἄφρων, ταλαίπωρος Hs 1:3. βλάσφημος Hs 9, 18, 3. κατάλαλος Hs 8, 7, 2.—OSeitz, JBL 63, ’44, 131–40; 66, ’47, 211–19, NTS 4, ’57/58, 327–34 (Hermas and the Thanksgiving Scroll); WWolverton, ATR 38, ’56, 166–75 (Essene Psychology).—M-M. TW. Sv.

κατασφραγίζω aor. pass. 3 sg. κατεσφραγίσθη Wsd 2:5; pf. pass. ptc. κατεσφραγισμένος (s. σφραγίζω; Aeschyl. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol) seal (up) of a scroll closed by a seal Rv 5:1 (OGI 266, 42 [III B.C.] τά τε γράμματʼ ἀνοίσω κατεσφραγισμένα, SIG 1157, 43; PSI 358).—DELG s.v. σφραγίς. M-M. TW.

κοιλία, ας, ἡ (κοῖλος ‘hollow’; Hdt., Aristoph.+; loanw. in rabb.) in its broadest sense the ‘cavity’ of the body (Gen 3:14 w. στῆθος) that stores such organs as the stomach, intestines, and womb, then in ref. to such parts.

① the organ of nourishment

ⓐ the digestive tract in its fullest extent, belly, stomach (Jer 28:34; Ezk 3:3; Sir 36:18 al.) εἰς τὴν κ. χωρεῖν (cp. Plut., Mor. 699f εἴπερ εἰς κοιλίαν ἐχώρει διὰ στομάχου πᾶν τὸ πινόμενον. Even the last part of the alimentary canal is κ.: Herodian 1, 17, 10) Mt 15:17; cp. Mk 7:19.

ⓑ esp., the body’s receptacle for aliments, belly, stomach (so Diod S 2, 58, 3 between φάρυγξ [gullet] and σπλάγχνα [intestines]; Aelian, VH 1, 1 al.) of Jonah’s fish (Jon 2:1f; Just., D. 107, 2) Mt 12:40. Of the human stomach 1 Cor 6:13. γεμίσαι τὴν κ. ἔκ τινος fill the stomach w. someth. i.e. eat one’s fill of someth. Lk 15:16 v.l. Of the working of a scroll eaten by the writer of the Apc. (cp. Ezk 3:3) πικρανεῖ σου τὴν κ. Rv 10:9; cp. vs. 10; δουλεύειν τῇ κ. be a slave to one’s stomach Ro 16:18; ὧν ὁ θεὸς ἡ κ. whose god is their stomach Phil 3:19.

② womb, uterus (Epict. 2, 16, 43; 3, 22, 74; Dt 28:4, 11; Job 1:21; Ruth 1:11; TestJob 24:2) Lk 1:41, 44; 2:21; 11:27; 23:29; J 3:4; B 13:2 (Gen 25:23). ἐκ κοιλίας from birth i.e. from earliest youth (Judg 16:17 A; Is 49:1) Mt 19:12; Lk 1:15; Ac 3:2; 14:8; Gal 1:15; καρπὸς τῆς κ. fruit of the womb (cp. Mi 6:7; La 2:20) Lk 1:42.

③ seat of inward life, of feelings and desires, belly (but Eng. prefers the functional equivalent heart): κ. denotes the hidden, innermost recesses of the human body (=טֶןבֶּ Job 15:35; Pr 18:20; 20:27, 30; Sir 19:12; 51:21), so that a variation betw. κοιλία and καρδία becomes poss.: Ac 2:30 v.l. (κοιλία and καρδία for ὀσφῦς); Rv 10:9 (v.l. καρδία) (Hab 3:16; Ps 39:9; cp. schol. on Nicander, Alexipharmaca 21 τοῦ στόματος τῆς κοιλίας, ἣν οἱ μὲν καρδίαν καλοῦσιν, οἱ δὲ δοχεῖον τῶν ἐντέρων τῆς βρώσεως [καρδία of the upper opening of the stomach: Theocr. 2, 49]; PGM 4, 3141: the κοιλία is the place where the καρδία is found). ποταμοὶ ἐκ τῆς κ. αὐτοῦ ῥεύσουσιν ὕδατος ζῶντος rivers of living water shall flow from the person’s heart J 7:38 (thought of as a scripture quot., though its source can no longer be determined w. certainty. The expr. may be proverbial; cp. Cicero, De Orat. 2, 39 [162]. The κ. has often been taken to be that of the believer, but there is an increasing tendency to punctuate w. a period after ἐμέ in vs. 38 rather than after πινέτω at the end of vs. 37 [s. RSV mg. and NRSV text] and understand κ. of Jesus; s. Hdb. ad loc.; JJeremias, Golgotha 1926, 80–84; HBornhäuser, Sukka ’35, 34–39; Bultmann, Ev. d. Joh. ’41, 228–30. For patristic interpr., HRahner, Biblica 22, ’41, 269–302; 367–403. Differently, A-MDubarle, Vivre et Penser 3, ’43/44, 238–41). JBlenkinsopp, NTS 6, ’59, 95–99.—B. 253. DELG s.v. κοῖλος. M-M. TW.

πτύσσω 1 aor. ἔπτυξα (Hom. et al.) to put something away after use by putting one part over another, fold up, roll up, close (in the sense ‘fold’ Jos., Ant. 10, 16 ἐπιστολάς; 15, 171. Of the folding of a document PGen 10, 17 [IV A.D.]; Sb 5174, 23; 5175, 24) πτύξας τὸ βιβλίον after he had rolled up the scroll Lk 4:20 (cp. the act of unrolling vs. 17).—B. 544. M-M.

ἀναπτύσσω fut. 3 pl. ἀναπτύξουσι (Dt 22:17), 1 aor. ἀνέπτυξα unroll of a book in scroll form (s. πτύσσω; so Hdt. et al.; Epict. 1, 17, 21; Aesop, Fab. 332 H.=264 P.; 4 Km 19:14; TestSol 22:6 P; TestAbr B 10 p. 115, 1 [Stone p. 78]; Jos., Vi. 223; Iren. 1, 10, 3 [Harv. I 96, 9]) Lk 4:17; PtK 4, p. 15, 30.—Renehan ’82, 24f.

ἀνοίγω (ἀνά, οἴγω ‘open’; Hom. +) on this by-form of ἀνοίγνυμι see Kühner-Bl. II 496f; W-S. §12, 7 and §15 (p. 130); B-D-F §101; Rob. 1212f; Mayser 404. Fut. ἀνοίξω; 1 aor. ἀνέῳξα J 9:14 (vv.ll. ἠνέῳξα, ἤνοιξα), ἠνέῳξα vs. 17 (vv.ll. ἤνοιξα, ἀνέῳξα), mostly ἤνοιξα Ac 5:19; 9:40 al.; 2 pf. (intr.) ἀνέῳγα; pf. pass. ἀνέῳγμαι 2 Cor 2:12 (v.l. ἠνέῳγμαι), ptc. ἀνεῳγμένος (ἠνεῳγμένος 3 Km 8:52; ἠνοιγμένος Is 42:20), inf. ἀνεῴχθαι (Just., D. 123, 2). Pass.: 1 aor. ἠνεῴχθην Mt 3:16; v.l. 9:30; Jn 9:10; Ac 16:26 (vv.ll. ἀνεῴχθην, ἠνοίχθην); inf. ἀνεῳχθῆναι Lk 3:21 (ἀνοιχθῆναι D); 1 fut. ἀνοιχθήσομαι Lk 11:9f v.l.; 2 aor. ἠνοίγην Mk 7:35 (vv.ll. ἠνοίχθησαν, διηνοίγησαν, διηνοίχθησαν); Ac 12:10 (v.l. ἠνοίχθη); Hv 1, 1, 4 (Dssm. NB 17 [BS 189]); 2 fut. ἀνοιγήσομαι Mt 7:7; Lk 11:9f (v.l. ἀνοίγεται). The same circumstance prevails in LXX: Helbing 78f; 83ff; 95f; 102f. Thackeray 202ff.

① to move someth. from a shut or closed position, trans. a door (Menand., Epitr. 643 Kö.; Polyb. 16, 25, 7; OGI 222, 36; 332, 28, SIG 798, 19; 1 Km 3:15; PsSol 8:17; GrBar 11:5f; Jos., Ant. 13, 92 ἀ. τ. πύλας, Vi. 246; Just., D. 36, 5 τὰς πύλας τῶν οὐρανῶν) τὰς θύρας (really the wings of a double door) Ac 5:19; 12:10 (w. act. force, see 6 below); 16:26f (s. OWeinreich, Türöffnung im Wunder-, Prodigien-u. Zauberglauben d. Antike, d. Judentums u. Christentums: WSchmid Festschr. 1929, 200–452). ἀ. τὸν πυλῶνα open the outer door of the house Ac 12:14. τ. θύραν τ. ναοῦ fig., of the mouth of the believer, who is the temple of God B 16:9 (with this figure cp. Philosoph. Max. 488, 6 τοῦ σοφοῦ στόματος ἀνοιχθέντος, καθάπερ ἱεροῦ, τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς καλὰ βλέπεται ὥσπερ ἀγάλματα=when the mouth of the wise man opens like the door of a temple, the beauties of his soul are as visible as statues [of deities]). Without door as obj. acc., or as subject of a verb in the pass., easily supplied from the context (Achilles Tat. 2, 26, 1) Mt 7:7f; Lk 11:9f; Mt 25:11; Lk 13:25; GJs 12:2.—Used fig. in var. ways (PTebt 383, 29 [46 A.D.]; Epict. Schenkl index θύρα: ἡ θύρα ἤνοικται=I am free to go anywhere) Rv 3:20, cp. 3:7f (s. Is 22:22; Job 12:14). πύλη δικαιοσύνης 1 Cl 48:2, cp. 4. Of preaching that wins attention ἤνοιξεν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν θύραν πίστεως God gave the gentiles an opportunity to become believers Ac 14:27. Cp. θύρας μοι ἀνεῳγμένης since a door was opened for me, i.e. I was given an opportunity to work 2 Cor 2:12 (for 1 Cor 16:9 s. 6 below). Likew. ἀ. θύραν τοῦ λόγου Col 4:3.

② to render someth. readily accessible, open, trans., closed places, whose interior is thereby made accessible: a sanctuary 1 Cl 43:5; pass. Rv 11:19; 15:5 heaven (Kaibel 882 [III A.D.] οὐρανὸν ἀνθρώποις εἶδον ἀνοιγόμενον; PGM 4, 1180; 36, 298; Is 64:1; Ezk 1:1; cp. 3 Macc 6:18) Mt 3:16; Lk 3:21; Ac 10:11; Rv 19:11; GEb 18, 36; Hv 1, 1, 4; the nether world Rv 9:2; graves (SIG 1237, 3 ἀνοῖξαι τόδε τὸ μνῆμα; Ezk 37:12, 13) Mt 27:52. Fig., of the throat of the impious τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν their gullet is an open grave (breathing out putrefaction?) Ro 3:13 (Ps 5:10; 13:3).

③ to disclose contents by opening, open, trans., τ. θησαυροὺς (SIG² 587, 302 τῷ τ. θησαυροὺς ἀνοίξαντι; 601, 32; 653, 93; Eur., Ion 923; Arrian, Cyneg. 34, 2 ἀνοίγνυται ὁ θησαυρός; Is 45:3; Sir 43:14; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 105; Ath. 1, 1) treasure chests Mt 2:11. κεράμιον οἴνου ἢ ἐλαίου open a jar of wine or oil D 13:6. ἀ. βιβλίον open a book in scroll form (Diod S 14, 55, 1 βιβλίον ἐπεσφραγισμένον … ἀνοίγειν; 2 Esdr 18:5; Da 7:10) Lk 4:17 v.l.; Rv 5:2ff; 10:2, 8 (cp. 2 Esdr 16:5; TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 22 [Stone p. 30]); 20:12.

④ to remove an obstruction, open, trans., a seal (X., De Rep. Lac. 6, 4; SIG 1157, 47 [I A.D.] τὰς σφραγῖδας ἀνοιξάτω) Rv 5:9; 6:1–12; 8:1.

⑤ to cause to function, open, trans., of bodily parts

ⓐ mouth ἀ. τὸ στόμα open the mouth of another person 1 Cl 18:15 (cp. Ps 50:17); of a fish, to take something out Mt 17:27; of a mute (Wsd 10:21) Lk 1:64.— Open one’s own mouth to speak (oft. in OT; SibOr 3, 497, but e.g. also Aristoph., Av. 1719) Mt 5:2; 6:8 D; Ac 8:35; 10:34; 18:14; GEb 34, 60. More specif. ἐν παραβολαῖς=he spoke in parables Mt 13:35 (Ps 77:2; cp. Lucian, Philops. 33 ὁ Μέμνων αὐτὸς ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα ἐν ἔπεσιν ἑπτά). εἰς βλασφημίας (opened its mouth) to blaspheme Rv 13:6.— Not to open one’s mouth, remain silent Ac 8:32; 1 Cl 16:7 (both Is 53:7, as also Mel., P. 64, 462).—Fig., of the earth when it opens to swallow something ἤνοιξεν ἡ γῆ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς Rv 12:16 (cp. Num 16:30; 26:10; Dt 11:6).

ⓑ eyes ἀ. τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς of a blind person (Is 35:5; 42:7; Tob 11:7; Mel., P. 78, 565) Mt 9:30; 20:33; J 9:10, 14, 17, 21, 26, 30, 32; 10:21; B 14:7 (Is 42:7).—One’s own eyes, to see (Epict. 2, 23, 9 and 12; PGM 4, 624) Ac 9:8, 40.—Fig., of spiritual sight Lk 24:31 v.l.; Ac 26:18. τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τ. καρδίας 1 Cl 36:2; 59:3 (cp. Just., D. 123, 2 προσηλύτων … ἀνεῷχθαι τὰ ὄμματα).

ⓒ ears (Epict. 2, 23, 10; PGM 7, 329) of a deaf man Mk 7:35.

ⓓ heart, fig. ἀ. τ. καρδίαν πρὸς τ. κύριον open one’s heart to the Lord Hv 4, 2, 4.

⑥ to be in a state of openness, be open, intr. (only 2 pf., except that the 2 aor. pass. ἠνοίγη Ac 12:10 [s. 1 above] is the practical equivalent of an intr. Other exx. of 2 pf.: Hippocr., Morb. 4, 39 ed. Littré; VII 558; Plut., Mor. 693d, Coriol. 231 [37, 2]; Lucian, Nav. 4; Polyaenus 2, 28, 1) in our lit. in contexts connoting opportunity θύρα μοι ἀνέῳγεν 1 Cor 16:9 (s. 1 above; Lucian, Soloec. 8 ἡ θύρα ἀνέῳγέ σοι τῆς γνωρίσεως αὐτῶν. Cp. Just., D. 7, 3 φωτὸς ἀνοιχθήναι πύλας).—Cp. τ. οὐρανὸν ἀνεῳγότα J 1:51.

⑦ to be candid, be open, intr. (s. 6 beg. for grammatical ref.; s. also 5a) τὸ στόμα ἡμῶν ἀνέῳγεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς our mouth is open toward you, i.e. I have spoken freely and openly 2 Cor 6:11 (cp. Ezk 16:63; 29:21 and ἄνοιξις).—B. 847. DELG s.v. οἴγνυμι. M-M.

ἐπίσκοπος, ου, ὁ (s. prec. entry; Hom. et al.; Diod S 37, 28, 1 [of a king w. synonym θεατής], ins, pap, LXX; JosAs 15:7 cod. A [p. 61, 16 Bat.] μετάνοια … ἐπίσκοπος πάντων τῶν παρθένων; Philo, Joseph.—LPorter, The Word ἐπίσκοπος in Pre-Christian Usage: ATR 21, ’39, 103–12) gener. ‘one who watches over, guardian’. BThiering, ‘Mebaqqer’ and ‘Episkopos’ in the Light of the Temple Scroll: JBL 100, ’81, 59–74 (office of ‘bishop’ adopted fr. Essene lay communities; cp. CD 14, 8–12; בקר Ezk 34:11 [LXX ἐπισκέπτειν]).

① one who has the responsibility of safeguarding or seeing to it that someth. is done in the correct way, guardian (so Il. 22, 255, deities are guardians of agreements, i.e. they ‘see to it’ that they are kept; Aeschyl., Sept. 272; Soph., Ant. 1148; Pla., Leg. 4, 717d; Plut., Cam. 5, 6 θεοὶ χρηστῶν ἐπίσκοποι καὶ πονηρῶν ἔργων; Maximus Tyr. 5, 8e ὦ Ζεῦ κ. Ἀθηνᾶ κ. Ἄπολλον, ἐθῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἐπίσκοποι; Babrius 11, 4 P. ’84=L-P.; Herodian 7, 10, 3. Oft. Cornutus, ed. Lang, index; SIG 1240, 21; UPZ 144, 49 [164 B.C.]; PGM 4, 2721; Job 20:29; Wsd 1:6; Philo, Migr. Abr. 115 al.; SibOr, Fgm. 1, 3) παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης κ. ἐπίσκοπος creator and guardian of every spirit 1 Cl 59:3.—Of Christ (w. ποιμήν) ἐ. τῶν ψυχῶν guardian of the souls 1 Pt 2:25. The passages IMg 3:1 θεῷ τῷ πάντων ἐ.; cp. 6:1 show the transition to the next mng.

② In the Gr-Rom. world ἐ. freq. refers to one who has a definite function or fixed office of guardianship and related activity within a group (Aristoph., Av. 1023; IG XII/1, 49, 43ff [II/I B.C.], 50, 34ff [I B.C.]; LBW 1989; 1990; 2298; Num 31:14 al.; PPetr III, 36a verso, 16 [III B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 10, 53; 12, 254), including a religious group (IG XII/1, 731, 8: an ἐ. in the temple of Apollo at Rhodes. S. Dssm., NB 57f [BS 230f]. Cp. also Num 4:16. On the Cynic-Stoic preacher as ἐπισκοπῶν and ἐπίσκοπος s. ENorden, Jahrb. klass. Phil Suppl. 19, 1893, 377ff.—Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 30 Moses as ἐ.). The term was taken over in Christian communities in ref. to one who served as overseer or supervisor, with special interest in guarding the apostolic tradition (Iren., Orig., Hippol.). Ac 20:28 (RSchnackenburg, Schriften zum NT, ’71, 247–67; ELöwestam, Paul’s Address at Miletus: StTh 41, ’87, 1–10); (w. διάκονοι) Phil 1:1 (JReumann, NTS 39, ’93, 446–50); D 15:1; 1 Ti 3:2; Tit 1:7 (s. BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 173; 177; 227). ἀπόστολοι, ἐ., διδάσκαλοι, διάκονοι Hv 3, 5, 1; (w. φιλόξενοι) Hs 9, 27, 2. Esp. freq. in Ignatius IEph 1:3; 2:1f; 3:2; 4:1; 5:1f and oft.; 2 Ti subscr.: Tim., overseer of the Ephesians; Tit subscr.: Titus overseer of the Cretan Christians. The ecclesiastical loanword ‘bishop’ is too technical and loaded with late historical baggage for precise signification of usage of ἐπίσκοπος and cognates in our lit., esp. the NT.—EHatch-AHarnack, D. Gesellschaftsverf. d. christ. Kirchen im Altert. 1883; Harnack, D. Lehre d. 12 Apostel 1884, 88ff, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung u. des Kirchenrechts in d. zwei ersten Jahrh. 1910; ELoening, D. Gemeindeverf. d. Urchristent. 1888; CWeizsäcker, D. apost. Zeitalter² 1892, 613ff; RSohm, Kirchenrecht I 1892; JRéville, Les origines de l’épiscopat 1894; HBruders, D. Verf. d. Kirche bis z. J. 175, 1904; RKnopf, D. nachapostl. Zeitalter 1905, 147ff; PBatiffol-FSeppelt, Urkirche u. Katholicismus 1910, 101ff; OScheel, Z. urchristl. Kirchen-u. Verfassungsproblem: StKr 85, 1912, 403–57; HLietzmann, Z. altchr. Verfassungsgesch.: ZWT 55, 1913, 101–6 (=Kleine Schriften I, ’58, 144–48); EMetzner, D. Verf. d. Kirche in d. zwei ersten Jahrh. 1920; KMüller, Beiträge z. Gesch. d. Verf. in d. alten Kirche: ABA 1922, no. 3; HDieckmann, D. Verf. d. Urkirche 1923; GvHultum, ThGl 19, 1927, 461–88; GHolstein, D. Grundlagen d. evangel. Kirchenrechts 1928; JJeremias, Jerusalem II B 1, 1929, 132ff (against him KGoetz, ZNW 30, ’31, 89–93); BStreeter, The Primitive Church 1929; OLinton, D. Problem d. Urkirche usw. ’32 (lit. from 1880); JLebreton-JZeiller, L’Eglise primitive ’34; HBeyer, D. Bischofamt im NT: Deutsche Theologie 1, ’34, 201–25; HGreeven, Propheten, Lehrer, Vorsteher bei Pls: ZNW 44, ’52/53, 1–43 (lit.); HvCampenhausen, Kirchl. Amt u. geistl. Vollmacht in den ersten 3 Jahrhunderten ’53; WMichaelis, Das Ältestenamt der christlichen Gemeinde im Lichte der Hl. Schrift ’53; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT (tr. KGrobel) ’55, II, 95–111; TManson, The Church’s Ministry ’56; FNötscher, Vom Alten zum NT ’62, 188–220; DMoody, Interpretation 19, ’65, 168–81; HBraun, Qumran u. das NT ’66, II 326–42; RGG³ I 335–37 (lit.); JFitzmyer, PSchubert Festschr., ’66, 256f, n. 41 (lit.); RAC II 394–407; RBrown, TS 41, ’80, 322–38 (rev. of NT data).—Poland 377. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἑλίσσω fut. ἑλίξω. Pass. 1 aor. opt. 3 sg. ἑλιχθείη Job 18:8; 1 fut. ἑλιχθήσομαι; 2 fut. 3 sg. ἑλιγήσεται Is. 34:4 (s. ἕλιγμα; Hom. et al.; predom. poet., but also Philo Mech. 76, 8; Lucian.—IAndrosIsis 172; POxy 1679, 10; LXX; Ath. 20, 1) to cause someth. to take the shape of a roll, roll up τὶ someth. ὡσεὶ περιβόλαιον ἑλίξεις αὐτούς you will roll them up like a cloak Hb 1:12 (Ps 101:27 v.l.). Of the heaven (cp. SEG VII, 14, 8 [I A.D.] Hymn to Apollo: οὐρανὸν διελίσσει; PGM 12, 241 ἡ γῆ ἑλίσσεται) ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον like a scroll that is rolled up (Aeneas Tact. 1553 ἑ. τὸ βιβλίον; Vit. Hes. p. 48, 8; PGM 36, 234 of rolling up an inscribed lead tablet) Rv 6:14; cp. ἑλιχθήσεται ὡς βιβλίον ApcPt Fgm. 5, p. 13, 10 (Is 34:4).—DELG s.v. ἕλιξ. M-M.